ASHRAE 90.1-2019: What You Need to Know
Introduction
If you are involved in the design, construction, or operation of commercial buildings, you have probably heard of ASHRAE 90.1, the energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings. This standard provides the minimum requirements for energy-efficient design and performance of most sites and buildings, and it is widely adopted by state and local jurisdictions as the basis for their energy codes.
In 2019, ASHRAE published the latest edition of this standard, which incorporates more than 100 changes from the previous version in 2016. These changes reflect the latest advancements in technology, research, and best practices in the industry, and aim to achieve higher levels of energy efficiency and environmental performance.
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In this article, we will give you an overview of what ASHRAE 90.1-2019 is, why it is important, how to comply with it, what are the main changes from the previous version, and what are the benefits of following this standard.
What is ASHRAE 90.1-2019?
ASHRAE 90.1-2019 is an American National Standard (ANS) developed by ASHRAE and jointly sponsored by the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES). It is a voluntary consensus standard that provides the minimum requirements for energy-efficient design of most sites and buildings, except low-rise residential buildings (i.e., single-family homes, multi-family buildings less than four stories high, mobile homes, and modular homes).
The standard covers various aspects of building design and operation, such as administrative and enforcement, commissioning, building envelope, lighting, mechanical systems, service water heating, power distribution, renewable energy systems, and performance rating methods. It also provides criteria for determining compliance with these requirements using either a prescriptive approach or a performance approach.
The standard is updated periodically to reflect the latest developments in technology, research, and industry practices. The previous editions were published in 1975, 1980, 1989, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, and 2016. The current edition was published in October 2019 and incorporates over 80 addenda to the 2016 edition.
Why is ASHRAE 90.1-2019 important?
ASHRAE 90.1-2019 is important because it sets the minimum level of energy efficiency that commercial buildings should achieve in order to reduce their energy consumption and environmental impact. By following this standard, building owners and operators can benefit from lower energy bills, improved indoor comfort and air quality, enhanced occupant productivity and satisfaction, increased asset value and marketability, reduced greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels, and compliance with local codes and regulations.
ASHRAE 90.1-2019 is also important because it serves as a reference standard for many other codes and standards related to building energy efficiency. For example:
It is the commercial building reference standard for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), which reviews each edition of the standard to determine whether it improves energy efficiency compared to the previous edition. If DOE determines that a new edition improves energy efficiency by a significant amount (usually at least 10%), then it issues a rulemaking that requires states to update their commercial building energy codes to meet or exceed the new edition within two years.
It is the basis for many state and local energy codes that regulate the design and construction of commercial buildings. According to the DOE rulemaking, states must adopt the latest edition of ASHRAE 90.1 or an equivalent or more stringent standard for their commercial building energy codes. As of June 2021, 23 states have adopted ASHRAE 90.1-2016 or later, 13 states have adopted ASHRAE 90.1-2013, and 14 states have adopted older versions or no statewide code.
It is the reference standard for many green building rating systems and certification programs, such as LEED, Green Globes, ENERGY STAR, and Zero Energy Ready Buildings. These programs use ASHRAE 90.1 as a baseline for measuring and rewarding the energy performance of commercial buildings.
Therefore, ASHRAE 90.1-2019 is a key document that influences the design and construction of commercial buildings across the U.S. and beyond.
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How to comply with ASHRAE 90.1-2019?
To comply with ASHRAE 90.1-2019, building designers and contractors must follow the requirements and procedures specified in the standard for each aspect of building design and operation. The standard offers two main methods for demonstrating compliance: the prescriptive method and the performance method.
The prescriptive method involves following a set of specific requirements for each building component and system, such as insulation levels, window properties, lighting power densities, equipment efficiencies, and control strategies. The prescriptive method is simpler and more straightforward than the performance method, but it may not allow for much flexibility or innovation in design.
The performance method involves using a computer simulation to compare the energy performance of the proposed building design with that of a baseline building design that meets the minimum prescriptive requirements of the standard. The performance method allows for more flexibility and creativity in design, but it requires more expertise and documentation than the prescriptive method.
Both methods require that the building design be verified by a qualified professional, such as an engineer or an architect, who can certify that the design meets or exceeds the requirements of the standard. The standard also requires that the building be commissioned by a qualified commissioning authority, who can ensure that the building systems are installed, tested, and operated according to the design intent and specifications.
Main Changes in ASHRAE 90.1-2019
ASHRAE 90.1-2019 incorporates more than 100 changes from the previous edition in 2016. These changes affect various sections of the standard, such as administration and enforcement, building envelope, lighting, mechanical systems, service water heating, power distribution, renewable energy systems, and performance rating methods. Some of the most significant changes are summarized below:
Administration and Enforcement
The standard clarifies that it applies to new buildings and their systems, new portions of buildings and their systems, and new systems and equipment in existing buildings.
The standard adds a new section on outcome-based compliance paths, which allows for alternative methods of demonstrating compliance based on actual energy use data collected after occupancy.
The standard adds a new appendix on normative references, which lists all the standards and documents that are referenced in ASHRAE 90.1-2019.
Building Envelope
The standard updates the climate zone map to reflect the latest data from ASHRAE Standard 169-2017.
The standard increases the minimum insulation requirements for roofs and walls in most climate zones.
The standard reduces the maximum fenestration (window) area to wall area ratio from 40% to 30% for most building types and climate zones.
The standard adds new requirements for air leakage testing and verification for building envelope assemblies.
Lighting
The standard reduces the lighting power allowances for most space types by about 10% on average.
The standard adds new requirements for lighting controls, such as occupancy sensors, daylighting sensors, dimming controls, and manual controls.
The standard adds new requirements for exterior lighting controls, such as astronomical time switches, photosensors, motion sensors, and bi-level controls.
The standard adds new requirements for lighting quality, such as color rendering index (CRI), correlated color temperature (CCT), flicker, and glare.
Mechanical
The standard increases the minimum efficiency requirements for most types of heating and cooling equipment.
The standard adds new requirements for variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems, such as minimum part-load efficiencies, refrigerant leak detection and mitigation, and ventilation controls.
The standard adds According to the same preliminary analysis by DOE, if all commercial buildings in the U.S. adopted ASHRAE 90.1-2019 as their energy code, it would result in annual CO2e emissions reductions of about 60 million metric tons by 2050. This is equivalent to reducing the annual CO2e emissions of all commercial buildings in the U.S. by about 8.6% by 2050.
By reducing the energy consumption and emissions of commercial buildings, ASHRAE 90.1-2019 contributes to mitigating the effects of climate change and improving the environmental quality and health of the society.
Conclusion
ASHRAE 90.1-2019 is the latest edition of the energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings. It provides the minimum requirements for energy-efficient design and performance of most sites and buildings, and it is widely adopted by state and local jurisdictions as the basis for their energy codes.
ASHRAE 90.1-2019 incorporates more than 100 changes from the previous edition in 2016, reflecting the latest advancements in technology, research, and best practices in the industry. These changes affect various aspects of building design and operation, such as administration and enforcement, building envelope, lighting, mechanical systems, service water heating, power distribution, renewable energy systems, and performance rating methods.
ASHRAE 90.1-2019 provides many benefits for building owners, operators, designers, contractors, and occupants. These benefits include energy savings, cost savings, and environmental impact reductions. By following this standard, building stakeholders can achieve higher levels of energy efficiency and environmental performance for their buildings.
FAQs
Q: How can I get a copy of ASHRAE 90.1-2019?
A: You can purchase a copy of ASHRAE 90.1-2019 from the ASHRAE website or from other authorized distributors. You can also access a free online version of ASHRAE 90.1-2019 from the ASHRAE Technology Portal.
Q: How can I learn more about ASHRAE 90.1-2019?
A: You can learn more about ASHRAE 90.1-2019 from various sources, such as:
The ASHRAE website, which provides information on the standard development process, the technical committees, the addenda, and the errata.
The ASHRAE Handbook series, which provides detailed guidance on the application of the standard to various building types and systems.
The ASHRAE Learning Institute (ALI), which offers online and in-person courses on various topics related to the standard.
The ASHRAE Journal and other publications, which feature articles and case studies on the implementation and performance of the standard.
The ASHRAE conferences and events, which provide opportunities to network with other professionals and experts in the field.
Q: How can I provide feedback or suggestions on ASHRAE 90.1-2019?
A: You can provide feedback or suggestions on ASHRAE 90.1-2019 by submitting a comment or a proposal to the ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Committee (SSPC 90.1), which is responsible for maintaining and updating the standard. You can also participate in the public review process of the proposed changes to the standard, which are published as addenda for public comment periodically.
Q: How can I find out if my state or local jurisdiction has adopted ASHRAE 90.1-2019 as its energy code?
A: You can find out if your state or local jurisdiction has adopted ASHRAE 90.1-2019 as its energy code by checking with your state or local energy office or building department. You can also refer to the DOE Building Energy Codes Program website, which provides information on the status and adoption of energy codes across the U.S.
Q: How can I download a free PDF version of ASHRAE 90.1-2019?
A: You cannot download a free PDF version of ASHRAE 90.1-2019 legally, as it is a copyrighted document that is protected by intellectual property laws. However, you can access a free online version of ASHRAE 90.1-2019 from the ASHRAE Technology Portal, which provides a read-only version of the standard that you can view online. You can also purchase a PDF version of ASHRAE 90.1-2019 from the ASHRAE website or from other authorized distributors. 44f88ac181